Albanian

Albanian Alphabets: Latin, Elbasan, Todhri, Vithkuqi

Albanian consonants
labial dental/
alveolar		 alveolar
sibilant		 post-
alveolar
sibilant		 palatal velar glottal
nasal /m/ ⟨m⟩ /n/ ⟨n⟩ /ɲ/ ⟨nj⟩
plosive voiceless /p/ ⟨p⟩ /t/ ⟨t⟩ /ts/ ⟨c⟩ /tʃ/ ⟨ç⟩ /c/ ⟨q⟩ /k/ ⟨k⟩
voiced /b/ ⟨b⟩ /d/ ⟨d⟩ /dz/ ⟨x⟩ /dʒ/ ⟨xh⟩ /ɟ/ ⟨gj⟩ /g/ ⟨g⟩
fricative voiceless /f/ ⟨f⟩ /θ/ ⟨th⟩ /s/ ⟨s⟩ /ʃ/ ⟨sh⟩
voiced /v/ ⟨v⟩ /ð/ ⟨dh⟩ /z/ ⟨z⟩ /ʒ/ ⟨zh⟩
approximant /l/ ⟨l⟩ /j/ ⟨j⟩ /ɫ/ ⟨ll⟩ /h/ ⟨h⟩
tap /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
trill /r/ ⟨rr⟩

Albanian vowels
front/back
high /i/ ⟨i⟩ /y/ ⟨y⟩ /u/ ⟨u⟩
mid /e/ ⟨e⟩ /ə/ ⟨ë⟩ /o/ ⟨o⟩
low /a/ ⟨a⟩

Albanian alphabets
IPA Latin Elbasan Todhri Vithkuqi
/a/ a 𐔀 𐗀 𐖗
/as/ (as) 𐗁
/b/ (b) 𐖘
/b/ b 𐔁 𐗂 𐖙
/ᵐb/ (mb) 𐗃
/ts/ c 𐔂 𐗄 𐖚
/tʃ/ ç 𐔃 𐗅 𐖛
/d/ d 𐔄 𐗆 𐖜
/ⁿd/ (nd) 𐔅 𐗇
/ð/ dh 𐔆 𐗈 𐖝
/e/ e 𐔇 𐗉 𐖞
/ə/ ë 𐔈 𐗊 𐖟
/f/ f 𐔉 𐗋 𐖠
/g/ g 𐔊 𐗌 𐖡
/ⁿg/ (ng) 𐗍
/ɟ/ gj 𐔋 𐗎 (𐖡𐖦)
/ⁿɟ/ (ngj) 𐗏
/ɣ/ (gh) 𐔥 𐗮
/ɣ/ (gh) 𐔦
/h/ h 𐔌 𐗐 𐖣
/ç/ (hj) 𐗑
/h/ (h) 𐖤
/i/ i 𐔍 𐗒 𐖥
/i̯/ (i) 𐖦
/j/ j 𐔎 𐗓 𐖧
/k/ k 𐔏 𐗔 𐖨
/x/ (kh) 𐔧 𐗱
/l/ l 𐔐 𐗕 𐖩
/ɫ/ ll 𐔑 𐗖 𐖪
/m/ m 𐔒 𐗗 𐖫
/n/ n 𐔓 𐗘 𐖬
/ⁿ/ (n) 𐔔
/ɲ/ nj 𐔕 𐗙 𐖭
/o/ o 𐔖 𐗚 𐖮
/oː/ (o) 𐗳
/p/ p 𐔗 𐗛 𐖯
/ps/ (ps) 𐗲
/c/ q 𐔘 𐗜 𐖰
/ɾ/ r 𐔙 𐗝 𐖱
/r/ rr 𐔚 𐗞
/s/ s 𐔛 𐗟 𐖳
/sk/ (sk) 𐗰
/st/ (st) 𐗯
/ʃ/ sh 𐔜 𐗠 𐖴
/ʃt/ (sht) 𐗡
/t/ t 𐔝 𐗢 𐖵
/θ/ th 𐔞 𐗣 𐖶
/u/ u 𐔟 𐗤 𐖷
/v/ v 𐔠 𐗥 𐖸
/dz/ x 𐔡 𐗦 𐖹
/ⁿdz/ (nx) 𐗧
/dʒ/ xh (𐔃) 𐗨 (𐖛)
/ⁿdʒ/ (nxh) 𐗩
/y/ y 𐔢 𐗪 𐖻
/jy/ (jy) 𐗫
/z/ z 𐔣 𐗬 𐖼
/ʒ/ zh 𐔤 𐗭 (𐖴𐖼)

References

  1. Unicode Character Code Charts. unicode.org.
    1. “Elbasan.” unicode.org.
    2. “Vithkuqi.” unicode.org.
    3. “Todhri.” unicode.org.
  2. WG2 Document Registry, Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    1. Deborah Anderson, Jason Glavy. Old Albanian Scripts. 2009-09-30, L2/09-328, unicode.org.
    2. Michael Everson, Robert Elsie. Proposal for encoding the Elbasan script in the SMP of the UCS.
      1. 2010-06-23, N3856, L2/10-216, unicode.org, unicode.org.
      2. 2011-02-03, N3985, L2/11-050, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    3. Michael Everson. Proposal for encoding the Vithkuqi script in the SMP of the UCS.
      1. 2017-09-08, N4854, L2/17-316, unicode.org, unicode.org.
      2. 2020-07-08, N5138, L2/20-187, unicode.org, unicode.org.
      3. 2020-10-01, N5138R, L2/20-187R, unicode.org.
      4. 2020-12-07, N5138R2, L2/20-187R2, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    4. Michael Everson. Proposal for encoding the Todhri script in the SMP of the UCS.
      1. 2020-07-10, N5139, L2/20-188, unicode.org, unicode.org.
      2. 2020-10-01, N5139R, L2/20-188R, unicode.org.
      3. 2020-12-31, N5139R2, L2/20-188R2, unicode.org, unicode.org.
  3. The Unicode® Standard: Version 16.0 – Core Specification. 2024-09-10, unicode.org.
    1. “Elbasan.” unicode.org.
    2. “Vithkuqi.” unicode.org.
    3. “Todhri.” unicode.org.
  4. ScriptSource, SIL International, scriptsource.org.
    1. Elbasan [Elba]. scriptsource.org.
    2. Todhri [Todr]. scriptsource.org.
    3. Vithkuqi [Vith]. scriptsource.org.
  5. Stavro Skendi. “The History of the Albanian Alphabet: A Case of Complex Cultural and Political Development.” Südost-Forschungen, Volume 19, 1960, pp. 263–284, suedost-forschungen.de.
  6. Stavro Skendi. The Albanian National Awakening. Princeton University Press, 1967, doi.org, openlibrary.org.
  7. Bardhyl Pogoni. Albanian Writing Systems. [Dissertation], Indiana University, 1967, proquest.com.
  8. Robert Elsie. “Albanian literature in Greek script. The eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Orthodox tradition in Albanian writing.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Volume 15, 1991, pp. 20–35, elsie.de, doi.org.
  9. Robert Elsie. “Albanian literature in the moslem tradition. Eighteenth and early nineteenth century Albanian writing in Arabic script.” Oriens, Volume 33, 1992, pp. 287–306, elsie.de, doi.org.
  10. Robert Elsie. “The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the Struggle for an Original Albanian Alphabet.” Südost-Forschungen, Volume 54, 1995, pp. 105–159, elsie.de, suedost-forschungen.de.
  11. Frances Trix. “Alphabet conflict in the Balkans: Albanian and the Congress of Monastir.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Issue 128, 1997, pp. 1–23, doi.org.
  12. Frances Trix. “The Stamboul Alphabet of Shemseddin Sami Bey: Precursor to Turkish Script Reform.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Volume 31, Issue 2, 1999, pp. 255–272, doi.org.
  13. Noto Fonts, Google, github.com.
    1. Noto Elbasan. github.com.
    2. Noto Todhri. github.com.
    3. Noto Vithkuqi. github.com.