Hangul

Korean Script

Hunminjeongeum

Hunminjeongeum consonants8
molars
牙音		 linguals
舌音		 labials
脣音		 incisors
齒音		 laryngeals
喉音		 semi-
linguals
半舌音		 semi-
incisors
半齒音
wholly clear
全淸		 ㄱ ⟨k⟩ 君 ㄷ ⟨t⟩ 斗 ㅂ ⟨p⟩ 彆 ㅈ ⟨c⟩ 卽 ㅅ ⟨s⟩ 戌 ㆆ ⟨q⟩ 挹
partly clear
次淸		 ㅋ ⟨kh⟩ 快 ㅌ ⟨th⟩ 呑 ㅍ ⟨ph⟩ 漂 ㅊ ⟨ch⟩ 侵 ㅎ ⟨h⟩ 虛
wholly muddy
全濁		 ㄲ ⟨kk⟩ 虯 ㄸ ⟨tt⟩ 覃 ㅃ ⟨pp⟩ 步 ㅉ ⟨cc⟩ 慈 ㅆ ⟨ss⟩ 邪 ㆅ ⟨hh⟩ 洪
neither clear
nor muddy
不淸不濁		 ㆁ ⟨ng⟩ 業 ㄴ ⟨n⟩ 那 ㅁ ⟨m⟩ 彌 ㅇ ⟨G⟩ 欲 ㄹ ⟨l⟩ 閭 ㅿ ⟨z⟩ 穰

Hunminjeongeum light consonants58
labials semi-
linguals
heavy ㅂ ⟨p⟩ ㅍ ⟨ph⟩ ㅃ ⟨pp⟩ ㅁ ⟨m⟩ ㄹ ⟨l⟩
light ㅸ ⟨W⟩ /ꞵ/ ㆄ ㅹ ㅱ ᄛ [ɾ]

Hunminjeongeum vowels589
yang yin neutral
(lax) ㆍ ⟨o⟩ /ɔ/ 呑 ㅡ ⟨u⟩ /ɯ/ 卽 ㅣ ⟨i⟩ /i/ 侵
contracted ㅗ ⟨wo⟩ /o/ 侵 ㅜ ⟨wu⟩ /u/ 君
spread ㅏ ⟨a⟩ /ɑ/ 覃 ㅓ ⟨e⟩ /ʌ/ 業
/j/-
contracted ㅛ ⟨ywo⟩ /jo/ 欲 ㅠ ⟨ywu⟩ /ju/ 戍
spread ㅑ ⟨ya⟩ /jɑ/ 穰 ㅕ ⟨ye⟩ /jʌ/ 聲

Hunminjeongeum complex vowels589
yang yin
/w/- ㅘ ⟨wa⟩ /wɑ/ ㅝ ⟨we⟩ /wʌ/
/jw/- ㆇ ⟨ywa⟩ /jwɑ/ ㆊ ⟨ywe⟩ /jwʌ/
-/j/ ㆎ ⟨oy⟩ /ɔj/ ㅢ ⟨uy⟩ /ɯj/
ㅚ ⟨woy⟩ /oj/ ㅟ ⟨wuy⟩ /uj/
ㅐ ⟨ay⟩ /ɑj/ ㅔ ⟨ey⟩ /ʌj/
/j/ - /j/ ㆉ ⟨ywoy⟩ /joj/ ㆌ ⟨ywuy⟩ /juj/
ㅒ ⟨yay⟩ /jɑj/ ㅖ ⟨yey⟩ /jʌj/
/w/ - /j/ ㅙ ⟨way⟩ /wɑj/ ㅞ ⟨wey⟩ /wʌj/
/jw/ - /j/ ㆈ ⟨yway⟩ /jwɑj/ ㆋ ⟨ywey⟩ /jwʌj/
/j/- ᆝ ⟨yo⟩ /jɔ/ ᆜ ⟨yu⟩ /jɯ/

Chinese

Korean equivalents to traditional Chinese initials7
wholly clear
全淸		 partly clear
次淸		 wholly muddy
全濁		 neither clear
nor muddy
不淸不濁		 wholly clear
全淸		 wholly muddy
全濁
molars
牙音		 見 ㄱ 溪 ㅋ 群 ㄲ 疑 ㆁ
apical linguals
舌頭音		 端 ㄷ 透 ㅌ 定 ㄸ 泥 ㄴ
raised linguals
舌上音		 知 徹 澄 娘
labials heavy
唇重音		 幫 ㅂ 滂 ㅍ 並 ㅃ 明 ㅁ
labials light
唇輕音		 非 ㅸ 敷 ㆄ 奉 ㅹ 微 ㅱ
apical incisors
齒頭音		 精 ᅎ 清 ᅔ 從 ᅏ 心 ᄼ 邪 ᄽ
upright incisors
正齒音		 照 ᅐ 穿 ᅕ 牀 ᅑ 審 ᄾ 禪 ᄿ
laryngeals
喉音		 影 ㆆ 曉 ㅎ 匣 ㆅ 喻 ㅇ
semi-linguals
半舌音		 來 ㄹ
semi-incisors
半齒音		 日 ㅿ

Korean

Korean consonants6911.1
bilabial alveolar alveolar
affricate		 velar fricative
lax ㅂ ⟨ba⟩ /p/ ㄷ ⟨da⟩ /t/ ㅈ ⟨j⟩ /tɕ/ ㄱ ⟨ga⟩ /k/ ㅅ ⟨s⟩ /s/
tense ㅃ ⟨pp⟩ /p*/ ㄸ ⟨tt⟩ /t*/ ㅉ ⟨jj⟩ /tɕ*/ ㄲ ⟨kk⟩ /k*/ ㅆ ⟨ss⟩ /s*/
aspirated ㅍ ⟨p⟩ /pʰ/ ㅌ ⟨t⟩ /tʰ/ ㅊ ⟨ch⟩ /tɕʰ/ ㅋ ⟨k⟩ /kʰ/ ㅎ ⟨h⟩ /h/
nasal ㅁ ⟨m⟩ /m/ ㄴ ⟨n⟩ /n/ ㅇ ⟨ng⟩ /ŋ/b
liquid ㄹ ⟨lc⟩ /l/

Korean vowels6911.1
front back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
high ㅣ ⟨i⟩ /i/ ㅡ ⟨eu⟩ /ɯ/ ㅜ ⟨u⟩ /u/
mid ㅔ ⟨e⟩ /e/ ㅚ ⟨oe⟩ /ø/ ㅓ ⟨eo⟩ /ʌ/ ㅗ ⟨o⟩ /o/
low ㅐ ⟨ae⟩ /æ/ ㅏ ⟨a⟩ /ɑ/
/w/-
high ㅟ ⟨wi⟩ /wi/
mid ㅞ ⟨we⟩ /we/ ㅝ ⟨wo⟩ /wʌ/
low ㅙ ⟨wae⟩ /wæ/ ㅘ ⟨wa⟩ /wɑ/
/j/-
high ㅠ ⟨yu⟩ /ju/
mid ㅖ ⟨ye⟩ /je/ ㅕ ⟨yeo⟩ /jʌ/ ㅛ ⟨yo⟩ /jo/
low ㅒ ⟨yae⟩ /jæ/ ㅑ ⟨ya⟩ /jɑ/
/ɰ/-
high ㅢ ⟨ui⟩ /ɰi/

Notes

  1. Transcribed as ⟨b, d, g⟩ when followed by a vowel and ⟨p, t, k⟩ otherwise
  2. Not pronounced and not transcribed at the beginning of syllables
  3. Transcribed as ⟨r⟩ when followed by a vowel and ⟨l⟩ otherwise, ㄹㄹ is transcribed as ⟨ll⟩

References

  1. Unicode 15.0 Character Code Charts. 2022, unicode.org.
    1. Hangul Jamo. unicode.org.
    2. CJK Symbols and Punctuation. unicode.org.
    3. Hangul Compatibility Jamo. unicode.org.
    4. Enclosed CJK Letters and Months. unicode.org.
    5. Hangul Jamo Extended-A. unicode.org.
    6. Hangul Syllables. unicode.org.
    7. Hangul Jamo Extended-B. unicode.org.
    8. Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms. unicode.org.
  2. WG2 Document Registry, Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    1. Kim, Kyongsok; Dae Hyuk Ahn. Add annotations for existing 5 Hangul Jamo names. 27 September 2006, N3172, unicode.org.
    2. Kim, Kyongsok; Dae Hyuk Ahn. A Proposal to add new Hangul Jamo extended characters to BMP of UCS. 23 April 2007, N3168R, unicode.org.
  3. The Unicode® Standard: Version 15.0 – Core Specification. September 2022, unicode.org.
    1. Conjoining Jamo Behavior. pp. 142–151, unicode.org.
    2. Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms. p. 773, unicode.org.
    3. Hangul. pp. 774–777, unicode.org.
    4. Hangul Syllables. p. 965, unicode.org.
  4. ScriptSource, SIL International, scriptsource.org.
    1. Hangul (Hangŭl, Hangeul) [Hang]. scriptsource.org.
    2. Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul) [Jamo]. scriptsource.org.
    3. Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) [Kore]. scriptsource.org.
  5. Ledyard, Gari K. The Korean Language Reform of 1446. 국립국어연구원 총서 2, 신구문화사, [1998], [original 1966 Berkeley dissertation].
    1. Kim-Renaud, Young-Key. [Review]. Written Language & Literacy, Volume 4, Issue 2, January 2001, pp. 239–247, doi.org.
  6. Martin, Samuel E. A Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1992.
  7. Kim-Renaud, Young-Key. The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu, 1997.
  8. Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert. A History of the Korean Language. Cambridge University Press, 2011, doi.org.
  9. Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon. The Handbook of Korean Linguistics. Wiley, Blackwell, 2015, doi.org.
  10. ALA-LC Romanization Tables. American Library Association, Library of Congress, loc.gov.
    1. Korean. 2009, loc.gov.
  11. BGN/PCGN Romanization Systems. U.S. Board on Geographic Names, U.K. Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, gov.uk.
    1. Romanization of Korean: for the Republic of Korea. September 2022, service.gov.uk.
    2. Romanization of Korean: for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. September 2022, service.gov.uk.
  12. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN): Working Group on Romanization Systems. eki.ee.
    1. Korean. United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names: Preliminary Report on Their Current Status, Version 1.3, March 2000, eki.ee.
    2. Korean. Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names, Version 4.0, September 2013, eki.ee.