Hangul

Korean Script

Hunminjeongeum

Hunminjeongeum consonants9
molars
牙音		 linguals
舌音		 labials
脣音		 incisors
齒音		 laryngeals
喉音		 semi-
linguals
半舌音		 semi-
incisors
半齒音
wholly clear
全淸		 ㄱ ⟨k⟩ 君 ㄷ ⟨t⟩ 斗 ㅂ ⟨p⟩ 彆 ㅈ ⟨c⟩ 卽 ㅅ ⟨s⟩ 戌 ㆆ ⟨q⟩ 挹
partly clear
次淸		 ㅋ ⟨kh⟩ 快 ㅌ ⟨th⟩ 呑 ㅍ ⟨ph⟩ 漂 ㅊ ⟨ch⟩ 侵 ㅎ ⟨h⟩ 虛
wholly muddy
全濁		 ㄲ ⟨kk⟩ 虯 ㄸ ⟨tt⟩ 覃 ㅃ ⟨pp⟩ 步 ㅉ ⟨cc⟩ 慈 ㅆ ⟨ss⟩ 邪 ㆅ ⟨hh⟩ 洪
neither clear
nor muddy
不淸不濁		 ㆁ ⟨ng⟩ 業 ㄴ ⟨n⟩ 那 ㅁ ⟨m⟩ 彌 ㅇ ⟨G⟩ 欲 ㄹ ⟨l⟩ 閭 ㅿ ⟨z⟩ 穰

Hunminjeongeum light consonants59
labials semi-
linguals
heavy ㅂ ⟨p⟩ ㅍ ⟨ph⟩ ㅃ ⟨pp⟩ ㅁ ⟨m⟩ ㄹ ⟨l⟩
light ㅸ ⟨W⟩ /ꞵ/ ㆄ ㅹ ㅱ ᄛ [ɾ]

Hunminjeongeum vowels5911
yang yin neutral
(lax) ㆍ ⟨o⟩ /ɔ/ 呑 ㅡ ⟨u⟩ /ɯ/ 卽 ㅣ ⟨i⟩ /i/ 侵
contracted ㅗ ⟨wo⟩ /o/ 侵 ㅜ ⟨wu⟩ /u/ 君
spread ㅏ ⟨a⟩ /ɑ/ 覃 ㅓ ⟨e⟩ /ʌ/ 業
/j/-
contracted ㅛ ⟨ywo⟩ /jo/ 欲 ㅠ ⟨ywu⟩ /ju/ 戍
spread ㅑ ⟨ya⟩ /jɑ/ 穰 ㅕ ⟨ye⟩ /jʌ/ 聲

Hunminjeongeum complex vowels5911
yang yin
/w/- ㅘ ⟨wa⟩ /wɑ/ ㅝ ⟨we⟩ /wʌ/
/jw/- ㆇ ⟨ywa⟩ /jwɑ/ ㆊ ⟨ywe⟩ /jwʌ/
-/j/ ㆎ ⟨oy⟩ /ɔj/ ㅢ ⟨uy⟩ /ɯj/
ㅚ ⟨woy⟩ /oj/ ㅟ ⟨wuy⟩ /uj/
ㅐ ⟨ay⟩ /ɑj/ ㅔ ⟨ey⟩ /ʌj/
/j/ - /j/ ㆉ ⟨ywoy⟩ /joj/ ㆌ ⟨ywuy⟩ /juj/
ㅒ ⟨yay⟩ /jɑj/ ㅖ ⟨yey⟩ /jʌj/
/w/ - /j/ ㅙ ⟨way⟩ /wɑj/ ㅞ ⟨wey⟩ /wʌj/
/jw/ - /j/ ㆈ ⟨yway⟩ /jwɑj/ ㆋ ⟨ywey⟩ /jwʌj/
/j/- ᆝ ⟨yo⟩ /jɔ/ ᆜ ⟨yu⟩ /jɯ/

Chinese

Korean equivalents to traditional Chinese initials713.1
wholly clear
全淸		 partly clear
次淸		 wholly muddy
全濁		 neither clear
nor muddy
不淸不濁		 wholly clear
全淸		 wholly muddy
全濁
molars
牙音		 見 ㄱ 溪 ㅋ 群 ㄲ 疑 ㆁ
apical linguals
舌頭音		 端 ㄷ 透 ㅌ 定 ㄸ 泥 ㄴ
raised linguals
舌上音		 知 徹 澄 娘
labials heavy
唇重音		 幫 ㅂ 滂 ㅍ 並 ㅃ 明 ㅁ
labials light
唇輕音		 非 ㅸ 敷 ㆄ 奉 ㅹ 微 ㅱ
apical incisors
齒頭音		 精 ᅎ 清 ᅔ 從 ᅏ 心 ᄼ 邪 ᄽ
upright incisors
正齒音		 照 ᅐ 穿 ᅕ 牀 ᅑ 審 ᄾ 禪 ᄿ
laryngeals
喉音		 影 ㆆ 曉 ㅎ 匣 ㆅ 喻 ㅇ
semi-linguals
半舌音		 來 ㄹ
semi-incisors
半齒音		 日 ㅿ

Korean

Korean consonants61115
bilabial alveolar alveolar
affricate		 velar fricative
lax ㅂ ⟨ba⟩ /p/ ㄷ ⟨da⟩ /t/ ㅈ ⟨j⟩ /tɕ/ ㄱ ⟨ga⟩ /k/ ㅅ ⟨s⟩ /s/
tense ㅃ ⟨pp⟩ /p*/ ㄸ ⟨tt⟩ /t*/ ㅉ ⟨jj⟩ /tɕ*/ ㄲ ⟨kk⟩ /k*/ ㅆ ⟨ss⟩ /s*/
aspirated ㅍ ⟨p⟩ /pʰ/ ㅌ ⟨t⟩ /tʰ/ ㅊ ⟨ch⟩ /tɕʰ/ ㅋ ⟨k⟩ /kʰ/ ㅎ ⟨h⟩ /h/
nasal ㅁ ⟨m⟩ /m/ ㄴ ⟨n⟩ /n/ ㅇ ⟨ng⟩ /ŋ/b
liquid ㄹ ⟨la⟩ /l/

Korean vowels61115
front back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
high ㅣ ⟨i⟩ /i/ ㅡ ⟨eu⟩ /ɯ/ ㅜ ⟨u⟩ /u/
mid ㅔ ⟨e⟩ /e/ ㅚ ⟨oe⟩ /ø/ ㅓ ⟨eo⟩ /ʌ/ ㅗ ⟨o⟩ /o/
low ㅐ ⟨ae⟩ /æ/ ㅏ ⟨a⟩ /ɑ/
/j/-
high ㅠ ⟨yu⟩ /ju/
mid ㅖ ⟨ye⟩ /je/ ㅕ ⟨yeo⟩ /jʌ/ ㅛ ⟨yo⟩ /jo/
low ㅒ ⟨yae⟩ /jæ/ ㅑ ⟨ya⟩ /jɑ/
/w/-
high ㅟ ⟨wi⟩ /wi/
mid ㅞ ⟨we⟩ /we/ ㅝ ⟨wo⟩ /wʌ/
low ㅙ ⟨wae⟩ /wæ/ ㅘ ⟨wa⟩ /wɑ/
/ɰ/-
high ㅢ ⟨ui⟩ /ɰi/

Notes

  1. ⟨b, d, g, l⟩ are transcribed as ⟨b, d, g, r⟩ when followed by a vowel and ⟨p, t, k, l⟩ otherwise, except ⟨ll⟩ is transcribed as ⟨ll⟩
  2. Not pronounced or transcribed at the beginning of syllables

References

  1. Unicode Character Code Charts. unicode.org.
    1. “Hangul Jamo.” unicode.org.
    2. “CJK Symbols and Punctuation.” unicode.org.
    3. “Hangul Compatibility Jamo.” unicode.org.
    4. “Enclosed CJK Letters and Months.” unicode.org.
    5. “Hangul Jamo Extended-A.” unicode.org.
    6. “Hangul Syllables.” unicode.org.
    7. “Hangul Jamo Extended-B.” unicode.org.
    8. “Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms.” unicode.org.
  2. WG2 Document Registry, Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    1. Kim Kyongsok, Dae Hyuk Ahn. Add annotations for existing 5 Hangul Jamo names. 2006-09-27, N3172, unicode.org.
    2. Kim Kyongsok, Dae Hyuk Ahn. A Proposal to add new Hangul Jamo extended characters to BMP of UCS. 2007-04-23, N3168R, unicode.org.
  3. The Unicode® Standard: Version 16.0 – Core Specification. 2024-09-10, unicode.org.
    1. “Conjoining Jamo Behavior.” unicode.org.
    2. “Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms.” unicode.org.
    3. “Hangul.” unicode.org.
    4. “Hangul Syllables.” unicode.org.
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    3. Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) [Kore]. scriptsource.org.
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    2. G. M. McCune, E. O. Reischauer. “The Romanization of the Korean Language Based Upon its Phonetic Structure.” Vol XXIX [29], 1939, pp. 1–55.
    3. “Tables of the McCune-Reischauer System for the Romanization of Korean.” Vol XXXVIII [38], 1961, pp. 119–128.
    4. John Holstein. “The McCune-Reischauer Romanization System for Korean.” Vol 74, 1999, pp. 1–21.
  14. Scripta. The Hunmin jeongeum Society, scripta.kr.
    1. Rei Fukui. “Tongguk chŏngun and the phonological system of Middle Korean.” Proceedings of the SCRIPTA 2011, pp. 147–165, scripta.kr.
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    1. “Korean.” ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. 1991, pp. 79–93, hathitrust.org.
    2. “Korean.” 2009, loc.gov.
  17. BGN/PCGN Romanization Systems. U.S. Board on Geographic Names, U.K. Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, gov.uk.
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    4. “Romanization of Korean: for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.” September 2022, service.gov.uk.
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    3. Guideline for the Romanization of Korean. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 1992, 6th Conference, E/CONF.85/WP46, 17th Session, W.P.57, un.org, un.org.
    4. “Korean.” United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names: Preliminary Report on Their Current Status, Version 1.3, March 2000, eki.ee.
    5. New Romanization System of Korean. Republic of Korea, 26 August 2002, 8th Conference, E/CONF.94/INF.68, un.org.
    6. Guideline for The Romanization of Korean. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 26 August 2002, 8th Conference, E/CONF.94/INF.72, un.org.
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