Lisu

 

Unicode

Fraser characters compared to Latin1
Latin A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z . , .. ., ; : -. =
Fraser ꓮ ꓐ ꓚ ꓓ ꓰ ꓝ ꓖ ꓧ ꓲ ꓙ ꓗ ꓡ ꓟ ꓠ ꓳ ꓑ ꓣ ꓢ ꓔ ꓴ ꓦ ꓪ ꓫ ꓬ ꓜ ꓸ ꓹ ꓺ ꓻ ꓼ ꓽ ꓾ ꓿
ꓯ ꓭ ꓛ ꓷ ꓱ ꓞ ꓨ ꓩ ꓘ ꓶ ꓒ ꓤ ꓕ ꓵ ꓥ 𑾰

Lisu

Lisu initial consonants1910
labial alveolar alveolar
sibilant		 retroflex palatal velar glottal
plosive tenuis /p/ ꓑ ⟨b⟩ /t/ ꓔ ⟨d⟩ /ts/ ꓝ ⟨z⟩ /tʂ/ ꓚ ⟨zh⟩ /tɕ/ ꓚꓬ ⟨j⟩ /k/ ꓗ ⟨g⟩ /ʔ/a
aspirated /pʰ/ ꓒ ⟨p⟩ /tʰ/ ꓕ ⟨t⟩ /tsʰ/ ꓞ ⟨c⟩ /tʂʰ/ ꓛ ⟨ch⟩ /tɕʰ/ ꓛꓬ ⟨q⟩ /kʰ/ ꓘ ⟨k⟩
voiced /b/ ꓐ ⟨bb⟩ /d/ ꓓ ⟨dd⟩ /dz/ ꓜ ⟨zz⟩ /dʐ/ ꓙ ⟨rr⟩ /dʑ/ ꓙꓬ ⟨jj⟩ /g/ ꓖ ⟨gg⟩
continuant voiceless /f/ ꓩ ⟨f⟩ /s/ ꓢ ⟨s⟩ /ʂ/ ꓫ ⟨sh⟩ /ɕ/ ꓫꓬ ⟨x⟩ /x/ ꓧ ⟨h⟩ /h/ ꓨ ⟨h⟩
voiced /w, v/ ꓪ ⟨w, v⟩ /l/ ꓡ ⟨l⟩ /z/ ꓤ ⟨ss⟩ /ʐ/ ꓣ ⟨r⟩ /ʑ, j/ ꓬ ⟨y, e⟩ /ɣ/ ꓭ ⟨e⟩b
nasal /m/ ꓟ ⟨m⟩ /n/ ꓠ ⟨n⟩ /ɲ/ ꓠꓬ ⟨ni⟩ /ŋ/ ꓥ ⟨ng⟩ /h̃/ ꓦ ⟨h⟩

Lisu final vowels19103
front back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
glide /j/ ꓬ ⟨i⟩ /w/ ꓪ ⟨u⟩
high /i, z̩/ ꓲ ⟨i⟩ /y, ʐ̩/ ꓵ ⟨u, i⟩ /ɯ/ ꓶ ⟨e⟩ /u/ ꓴ ⟨u⟩
mid /e/ ꓰ ⟨ei⟩ /ø/ ꓱ ⟨ei⟩ /ɤ/ ꓷ ⟨e⟩ /o/ ꓳ ⟨o⟩
low /ɛ/ ꓯ ⟨ai⟩ /ɑ/ ꓮc ⟨a⟩
nasalization /˜/ ⟨n⟩d

Lisu tones1910
order pronunciation Fraser Latin
1st [55] ꓸ ⟨l⟩
2nd [35] ꓹ ⟨q⟩
3rd [44] ꓺ (Ø)
4th [33] ꓻ ⟨x⟩
5th [21] ꓼ ⟨r⟩
6th [21ʔ] ꓽ ⟨t⟩

James Fraser’s Lisu transcription7
Fraser ꓐ ꓑ ꓒ ꓓ ꓔ ꓕ ꓖ ꓗ ꓘ ꓙ ꓚ ꓛ ꓜ ꓝ ꓞ ꓟ ꓠ ꓡ ꓢ ꓣ ꓥ ꓫ ꓪ ꓬ ꓨ ꓦ ꓧ ꓪ ꓮ ꓯ ꓰ ꓱ ꓲ ꓳ ꓴ ꓵ ꓶ ꓭ ꓷ ˍ e ꓸ ꓹ ꓺ ꓻ ꓼ ꓽ
Latin b p hp d t ht g k hk j ch hch dz ts hts m n l s r ng sh w y h hʼ hh v a á ye ē i, ï aw u ü rgh rgha rghe (a) ʼ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶

Naxi

Consonants: ꓐ, ꓑ, ꓒ, [d] ꓓ, [ɖ] ꓔ, [tʰ] ꓕ, [g] ꓖ, [k] ꓗ, [kʰ] ꓘ, ꓙ, [tɕʰ] ꓚ, ꓛ, ꓜ, ꓝ, ꓞ, [m] ꓟ, ꓠ, ꓡ, [s] ꓢ, [z] ꓣ, [h] ꓦ, ꓥ, ꓧ, [w] ꓪ, [ɕ] ꓫ, [cʝ, j] ꓬ, 𑾰

Vowels: ꓮ, [a] ꓯ, [e] ꓰ, [ɤ] ꓱ, [i] ꓲ, [ø] ꓳ, [u, v̩] ꓴ, [ɤ] ꓵ, ꓶ, [ɯ] ꓷ, ꓭ2.918

Notes

  1. Unwritten implicit initial consonant when syllable begins with a vowel
  2. Unwritten if before /ɯ/ or /ɤ/
  3. Unwritten implicit final vowel, only written if syllable does not begin with a consonant. The common suffix /ɑ/ is instead written as ˍ.
  4. Initial consonant /h̃/ always causes nasalization, nasalization may also otherwise occur. In the Fraser script nasalization may be written as ʼ .
  5. Nasalization

References

  1. Unicode 15.0 Character Code Charts. 2022, unicode.org.
    1. Lisu. unicode.org.
    2. Lisu Supplement. unicode.org.
  2. WG2 Document Registry, Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    1. Everson, Michael. Towards an encoding of the Fraser script in the UCS. 11 September 2007, N3323, L2/07-297, unicode.org.
    2. Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS. 13 September 2007, N3317R, unicode.org.
    3. Cook, Richard. Fraser’s Lisu orthography: Research notes toward a Unicode encoding. 15 September 2007, N3326, L2/07-294, unicode.org.
    4. Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS. 10 October 2007, N3317R2, L2/07-357, unicode.org.
    5. Documentation on legacy encodings of the Old Lisu script. 29 December 2007, L2/07-423, unicode.org.
    6. Proposal for encoding the Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS. 22 April 2008, N3424R, L2/08-019R, unicode.org.
    7. Hosken, M. Discussion and proposal of default Lisu sort order. 10 July 2009, L2/09-247, unicode.org.
    8. Evans, Lorna Priest; Rees, Neil. Proposal to encode LISU LETTER YHA in the UCS. 8 January 2019, N5025, L2/18-338R, unicode.org.
    9. Evans, Lorna Priest; Rees, Neil. Proposal to encode LISU LETTER YHA in the UCS. 16 January 2019, L2/18-338R2, unicode.org.
  3. The Unicode® Standard: Version 15.0 – Core Specification. September 2022, unicode.org.
    1. Lisu. pp. 782–784, unicode.org.
  4. Lisu (Fraser) [Lisu]. ScriptSource, SIL International, scriptsource.org.
  5. Romanization systems used in the Place Names Database (KNAB). Institute of the Estonian Language, eki.ee.
    1. Lisu. 18 October 2012, eki.ee.
  6. Noto Lisu. Google, github.com.
  7. Fraser, James Outram. Handbook of the Lisu (Yawyin) Language. Rangoon, Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma, 1922, hathitrust.org, openlibrary.org.
  8. Hope, Edward Reginald. Lisu. Phonemes and Orthography: Language Planning in Ten Minority Languages of Thailand, ed. William A. Smalley, Pacific Linguistics, Series C-43, Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 1994, hathitrust.org, sealang.net.
  9. Bradley, David. Proto-Loloish. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 39, Curzon Press, 1979, academia.edu.
  10. Bradley, David. A Dictionary of the Northern Dialect of Lisu (China and Southeast Asia). Pacific Linguistics, Series C-126, Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 1994, hathitrust.org, sealang.net.
    1. Handel, Zev. Review of A Dictionary of the Northern Dialect of Lisu (China and Southeast Asia). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, Volume 17.1, Spring 1994, pp. 141–154, sealang.net.
  11. Bradley, David; Bradley, Maya. Standardisation of Transnational Minority Languages in Asia: Lisu and Lahu. Bulletin suisse de linguistique appliquée, 69/1, June 1999, VALS-ASLA, pp. 75–93, vals-asla.ch, researchgate.net.
  12. Morse, David L.; Tehan, Thomas M. How Do You Write Lisu?. 2000, researchgate.net.
  13. Handel, Zev. Proto-Lolo-Burmese Velar Clusters and the Origin of Lisu Palatal Sibilants. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, Volume 25.1, Spring 2002, pp. 95–112, sealang.net.
  14. Bradley, David. Lisu. The Sino-Tibetan Languages, Edited by Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla, 2003, academia.edu.
  15. Bradley, David; Hope, Edward Reginald; Fish, James; Bradley, Maya. Southern Lisu Dictionary. STEDT Monograph Series, No. 4, Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project, Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 2006, academia.edu.
    1. Tehan, Thomas M.; Hanna, William J. Book Review: Southern Lisu Dictionary: By David Bradley. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, Volume 34.1, April 2011, pp. 151–156, sealang.net.
  16. Bradley, David. Lisu orthographies and email. Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology, 2006, pp. 125–136, doi.org.
  17. Bradley, David. Lisu. Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, 2012, academia.edu.
  18. Poupard, Duncan. The Lady of Lijiang: Contextualising a Forgotten Missionary Translator of Southwest China. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Volume 94, No. 2, Autumn 2018, pp. 95–114, doi.org, researchgate.net, academia.edu.
  19. Tabain, Marija; Bradley, David; Yu, Defen. Central Lisu. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, Volume 49, Issue 1, April 2019, pp. 129–147, doi.org.