Miao

Pollard Script

Unicode

Initial consonants1
base 𖼀 𖼃 𖼄 𖼇 𖼈 𖼊 𖼎 𖼐 𖼔 𖼖 𖼘 𖼚 𖼜 𖼞 𖼡 𖼣 𖼦 𖼧 𖼨 𖼪 𖼬 𖼮 𖼲 𖼳 𖼴 𖼵 𖼷 𖼺 𖼻 𖼽 𖽀 𖽂 𖽃
wart 𖼁 𖽅 𖼅 𖼉 𖼋 𖼏 𖼑 𖼕 𖼗 𖼙 𖼛 𖼝 𖼟 𖼢 𖼩 𖼫 𖼭 𖼯 𖽇 𖽆 𖼶 𖼸 𖼼 𖼾 𖽁 𖽄
serif 𖼂 𖼍 𖼠 𖼰 𖼹
serif 𖼌 𖼒 𖼱
serif 𖽈 𖽊 𖽉
old 𖼆 𖼓 𖼥 𖼿

Tone positions10.11
name codepoint example position
head U+16F91 𖼞𖽙𖾑 above consonant, usually centered
shoulder U+16F90 𖼞𖽙𖾐 upper right of consonant, generally aligned with top of consonant
elbow U+16F8Fa 𖼞𖽙𖾏 on right, between shoulder and waist
waist U+16F8F 𖼞𖽙𖾏 center right of consonant, centered
knee U+16F92a 𖼞𖽙𖾒 on right, between foot and waist
foot (none, default) 𖼞𖽙 lower right of consonant, sitting on baseline
floor U+16F92 𖼞𖽙𖾒 centered below the consonant

A-Hmao

A-Hmao initial consonants4
labial dental dental
sibilant		 dental
lateral		 retroflex retroflex
sibilant		 palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal voiceless /m̥/ 𖼄𖽑 ⟨hm⟩ /n̥/ 𖼐𖽑 ⟨hn⟩ /ɲ̊/ 𖼐𖽑𖽡 ⟨hni⟩ /ŋ̊/ 𖼣𖽑 ⟨hng⟩
voiced /m/ 𖼄 ⟨m⟩ /n/ 𖼐 ⟨n⟩ /ɳ/ 𖼐 ⟨nr⟩ /ɲ/ 𖼐𖽡 ⟨ni⟩ /ŋ/ 𖼣 ⟨ngg⟩
plosive unaspirated /p/ 𖼀 ⟨b⟩ /t/ 𖼊 ⟨d⟩ /ts/ 𖼷 ⟨z⟩ /tɬ/ 𖼚 ⟨dl⟩ /ʈ/ 𖼎 ⟨dr⟩ /tʂ/ 𖼮 ⟨zh⟩ /tɕ/ 𖼮𖽡 ⟨j⟩ /k/ 𖼞 ⟨g⟩ /q/ 𖼡 ⟨gh⟩ /ʔ/ 𖽃 (Ø)
aspirated /pʰ/ 𖼀𖽑 ⟨p⟩ /tʰ/ 𖼊𖽑 ⟨t⟩ /tsʰ/ 𖼷𖽑 ⟨c⟩ /tɬʰ/ 𖼚𖽑 ⟨tl⟩ /ʈʰ/ 𖼎𖽑 ⟨tr⟩ /tʂʰ/ 𖼮𖽑 ⟨ch⟩ /tɕʰ/ 𖼮𖽑𖽡 ⟨q⟩ /kʰ/ 𖼞𖽑 ⟨k⟩ /qʰ/ 𖼡𖽑 ⟨kh⟩
prenasalized
plosive		 unaspirated /ᵐp/ 𖽐𖼀 ⟨nb⟩ /ⁿt/ 𖽐𖼊 ⟨nd⟩ /ⁿts/ 𖽐𖼷 ⟨nz⟩ /ⁿtɬ/ 𖽐𖼚 ⟨ndl⟩ /ᶯʈ/ 𖽐𖼎 ⟨ndr⟩ /ᶯtʂ/ 𖽐𖼮 ⟨nzh⟩ /ᶮtɕ/ 𖽐𖼮𖽡 ⟨nj⟩ /ᵑk/ 𖽐𖼞 ⟨ng⟩ /ᶰq/ 𖽐𖼡 ⟨ngh⟩
aspirated /ᵐpʰ/ 𖽐𖼀𖽑 ⟨np⟩ /ⁿtʰ/ 𖽐𖼊𖽑 ⟨nt⟩ /ⁿtsʰ/ 𖽐𖼷𖽑 ⟨nc⟩ /ⁿtɬʰ/ 𖽐𖼚𖽑 ⟨ntl⟩ /ᶯʈʰ/ 𖽐𖼎𖽑 ⟨ntr⟩ /ᶯtʂʰ/ 𖽐𖼮𖽑 ⟨nch⟩ /ᶮtɕʰ/ 𖽐𖼮𖽑𖽡 ⟨nq⟩ /ᵑkʰ/ 𖽐𖼞𖽑 ⟨nk⟩ /ᶰqʰ/ 𖽐𖼡𖽑 ⟨nkh⟩
continuant voiceless /f/ 𖼇 ⟨f⟩ /s/ 𖼺 ⟨s⟩ /ɬ/ 𖼘 ⟨hl⟩ /ʂ/ 𖼳 ⟨sh⟩ /ɕ/ 𖼳𖽡 ⟨x⟩ /x/ 𖼨𖽑 ⟨hx⟩ /h/ 𖼦 ⟨h⟩
voiced /v/ 𖼈 ⟨v⟩ /z/ 𖼻 ⟨r⟩ /l/ 𖼖 ⟨l⟩ /ʐ/ 𖼵 ⟨r⟩ /ʑ/ 𖼽 ⟨y⟩ /ɣ/ 𖼨 ⟨hx⟩
approximant /w/ 𖽂 ⟨w⟩

A-Hmao final vowels4
letter pronunciation
𖼞𖽔 /a/
𖼞𖽹 /ai/
𖼞𖽺 /ei/
𖼞𖽵 /z̩͗, ɹ̩͗/
𖼞𖽷 /z̩, ɹ̩/
𖼞𖽡 /i/
𖼞𖽪 /u/
𖼞𖽦 /ie/
𖼞𖽻 /au/
𖼞𖽙 /o/
𖼞𖽱 /y/
𖼞𖽜 /ɯ/
𖼞𖽠 /œy/
𖼞𖽳 /ə/
𖼞𖽘 /aɯ/
𖼞𖽢 /ia/
𖼞𖽡𖽝 /ie/
𖼞𖽡𖽙 /io/
𖼞𖽨 /iu/
𖼞𖽡𖽹 /iai/
𖼞𖽡𖽻 /iau/
𖼞𖽡𖽜 /iɯ/
𖼞𖽡𖽠 /iœy/
𖼞𖽡𖽳 /iə/
𖼞𖽤 /iaɯ/
𖼞𖽡𖽾 /in/
𖼞𖽗 /an/
𖼞𖽞 /en/
𖼞𖽟 /eŋ/
𖼞𖽼 /ou/
𖼞𖽫 /ua/
𖼞𖽭 /uaŋ/
𖼞𖽪𖽺 /uei, uai/
𖼞𖽪𖽽 /un/
𖼞𖽪𖽙 /uo/
𖼞𖽙𖽾 /oŋ/

A-Hmao tones4
class 1936 1917 Chuxiong Reform Latin
3rd 𖼞𖽙𖾑 (Ø) (Ø) ⟨d⟩
1st 𖼞𖽙𖾐 𖾔 𖾚 ⟨b⟩
5th 𖾖 𖾝 ⟨t⟩
2nd 𖼞𖽙𖾏 𖾓 𖾛 ⟨x⟩
4th 𖼞𖽙 𖼞𖽙 𖾕 𖾜 ⟨l⟩
7th 𖾘 ⟨k⟩
6th 𖼞𖽙𖾒 𖾗 𖾞 𖾟 ⟨s⟩
8th 𖾙 ⟨f⟩

Hmong

Hmong initial consonants4
labial labial
lateral		 dental dental
sibilant		 dental
lateral		 retroflex retroflex
sibilant		 palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal voiceless /m̥/ 𖼄𖽑 ⟨hm⟩ /n̥/ 𖼐𖽑 ⟨hn⟩ /ɲ̊/ 𖼐𖽑𖽡 ⟨hny⟩
voiced /m/ 𖼄 ⟨m⟩ /n/ 𖼐 ⟨n⟩ /ɲ/ 𖼐𖽡 ⟨ny⟩ /ŋ/ 𖼣 ⟨ngg⟩
plosive unaspirated /p/ 𖼀 ⟨b⟩ /pl/ 𖼃 ⟨bl⟩ /t/ 𖼊 ⟨d⟩ /ts/ 𖼷 ⟨z⟩ /tɬ/ 𖼚 ⟨dl⟩ /ʈ/ 𖼎 ⟨dr⟩ /tʂ/ 𖼮 ⟨zh⟩ /tɕ/ 𖼮𖽡 ⟨j⟩ /k/ 𖼞 ⟨g⟩ /q/ 𖼡 ⟨gh⟩ /ʔ/ 𖽃 (Ø)
aspirated /pʰ/ 𖼀𖽑 ⟨p⟩ /pʰl/ 𖼃𖽑 ⟨pl⟩ /tʰ/ 𖼊𖽑 ⟨t⟩ /tsʰ/ 𖼷𖽑 ⟨c⟩ /tɬʰ/ 𖼚𖽑 ⟨tl⟩ /ʈʰ/ 𖼎𖽑 ⟨tr⟩ /tʂʰ/ 𖼮𖽑 ⟨ch⟩ /tɕʰ/ 𖼮𖽑𖽡 ⟨q⟩ /kʰ/ 𖼞𖽑 ⟨k⟩ /qʰ/ 𖼡𖽑 ⟨kh⟩
prenasalized
plosive		 unaspirated /ᵐp/ 𖽐𖼀 ⟨nb⟩ /ᵐpl/ 𖽐𖼃 ⟨nbl⟩ /ⁿt/ 𖽐𖼊 ⟨nd⟩ /ⁿts/ 𖽐𖼷 ⟨nz⟩ /ᶯʈ/ 𖽐𖼎 ⟨ndr⟩ /ᶯtʂ/ 𖽐𖼮 ⟨nzh⟩ /ᶮtɕ/ 𖽐𖼮𖽡 ⟨nj⟩ /ᵑk/ 𖽐𖼞 ⟨ng⟩ /ᶰq/ 𖽐𖼡 ⟨ngh⟩
aspirated /ᵐpʰ/ 𖽐𖼀𖽑 ⟨np⟩ /ᵐpʰl/ 𖽐𖼃𖽑 ⟨npl⟩ /ⁿtʰ/ 𖽐𖼊𖽑 ⟨nt⟩ /ⁿtsʰ/ 𖽐𖼷𖽑 ⟨nc⟩ /ᶯʈʰ/ 𖽐𖼎𖽑 ⟨ntr⟩ /ᶯtʂʰ/ 𖽐𖼮𖽑 ⟨nch⟩ /ᶮtɕʰ/ 𖽐𖼮𖽑𖽡 ⟨nq⟩ /ᵑkʰ/ 𖽐𖼞𖽑 ⟨nk⟩ /ᶰqʰ/ 𖽐𖼡𖽑 ⟨nkh⟩
continuant voiceless /f/ 𖼇 ⟨f⟩ /s/ 𖼺 ⟨s⟩ /ɬ/ 𖼘 ⟨hl⟩ /ʂ/ 𖼳 ⟨sh⟩ /ɕ/ 𖼳𖽡 ⟨x⟩ /x/ 𖼦 ⟨h⟩
voiced /v/ 𖼈 ⟨v⟩ /l/ 𖼖 ⟨l⟩ /ʐ/ 𖼵 ⟨r⟩ /ʑ/ 𖼽 ⟨y⟩ /w/ 𖽂 ⟨w⟩

Hmong final vowels4
/i, z̩/ 𖼞𖽡 𖼞𖽷 ⟨i⟩ /e/ 𖼞𖽳 𖼞𖽡 ⟨e⟩ /a/ 𖼞𖽔 𖼞𖽗 ⟨a⟩ /u/ 𖼞𖽪 ⟨u⟩ /o/ 𖼞𖽙 𖼞𖽪𖽙 ⟨o⟩ (/ei/ 𖼞𖽺 ⟨ei⟩) /ɛɯ/ 𖼞𖽺 ⟨eu⟩ /əu/ 𖼞𖽼 ⟨ou⟩
/ai/ 𖼞𖽹 ⟨ai⟩ /ɑu/ 𖼞𖽻 ⟨ao⟩ (/ie/ 𖼞𖽦 𖼞𖽡𖽝 ⟨ie⟩) /iəu/ ⟨iou⟩ (/iɑu/ 𖼞𖽡𖽻 ⟨io⟩) /ua/ 𖼞𖽫 𖼞𖽦 ⟨ua⟩ (/ue/ 𖼞𖽪𖽝 ⟨ue⟩) (/uei/ 𖼞𖽪𖽺 ⟨ui⟩)
(/uai/ ⟨uai⟩) /en/ 𖼞𖽞 𖼞𖽟 ⟨en⟩ /ɑŋ/ 𖼞𖽘 ⟨ang⟩ /oŋ/ 𖼞𖽙𖽾 ⟨ong⟩ (/ien/ 𖼞𖽡𖽾 ⟨in⟩) (/uen/ 𖼞𖽪𖽽 ⟨un⟩) (/uɑŋ/ ⟨uang⟩)

Hmong tones4
class pronunciation position Latin
3rd [55] 𖼞𖽙𖾑 ⟨d⟩
5th [44] ⟨t⟩
1st [43] 𖼞𖽙𖾐 ⟨b⟩
7th [33] ⟨k⟩
6th [13] 𖼞𖽙𖾏 ⟨s⟩
8th [24] ⟨f⟩
2nd [31] 𖼞𖽙 ⟨x⟩
4th [21] ⟨l⟩

Notes

  1. Non-standard use

References

  1. Unicode Character Code Charts. unicode.org.
    1. “Miao.” unicode.org.
  2. WG2 Document Registry, Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    1. Jenkins, John H. Proposal to add Pollard to Unicode/ISO-IEC 10646. 1997-05-21, L2/97-104, unicode.org.
    2. Preliminary proposal for encoding the Northeastern Yunnan Simple Miao script. 2007-09-14, N3335, L2/07-299, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    3. Anderson, Debbie. Feedback on L2/07‐299 Preliminary Proposal for Northeastern Yunnan Simple Miao (WG2 N3335). 2007-10-10, L2/07-352, unicode.org.
    4. Proposal for encoding the Miao script. 2009-10-1, N3669, L2/09-253R, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    5. Miao Ad‐Hoc Meeting Report. 2009-10-28, N3730, L2/09-415, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    6. Everson, Michael; Fickle, Erich; Hosken, Martin. Toward a proposal for encoding the Miao script in the SMP of the UCS. 2010-01-28, N3761, L2/10-049, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    7. Final proposal for encoding the Miao script in the SMP of the UCS. 2010-03-26, N3789, L2/10-093, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    8. Everson, Michael; Fickle, Erich. Proposal for encoding additional Miao characters in the SMP of the UCS. 2010-08-08, N3877, L2/10-302, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    9. Cheuk, Adrian. Proposal for additions to the Miao script. 2017-10-03, N4845, L2/17-345, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    10. Anderson, Debbie. Feedback on name for U+16F4F MIAO SIGN CONSONANT MODIFIER BAR. 27 February 2018-02-27, L2/18-069, unicode.org.
    11. Chan, Eiso. Annotation modifications for Miao block. 2018-11-09, L2/18-326R, unicode.org.
  3. The Unicode® Standard: Version 15.0 – Core Specification. September 2022, unicode.org.
    1. “Miao.” pp. 785–786, unicode.org.
  4. Enwall, Joakim. A Myth Become Reality – History and Development of the Miao Written Language. Institute of Oriental Languages: Stockholm University.
    1. Volume 1. Stockholm East Asian Monographs no. 5, 1994, kb.se.
    2. Volume 2. Stockholm East Asian Monographs no. 6, 1995, kb.se.
  5. Enwall, Joakim. “The Bible Translations into Miao: Chinese Influence versus Linguistic Autonomy.” Bible in Modern China: The Literary and Intellectual Impact, Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 43, Institut Monumenta Serica, Sankt Augustin, 1999, pp. 199–234.
  6. Enwall, Joakim. “Di- and trigraphia among the A-Hmao in Yunnan province, China.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Volume 2001, Issue 150, pp. 95–107, doi.org.
  7. Enwall, Joakim. “Script choice among the Miao in China.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Volume 2008, Issue 192, pp. 153–169, doi.org.
  8. Huang, Shu-Li. From Millenarians to Christians: The History of Christian Bureaucracy in Ahmao (Miao/Hmong) Society, 1850s-2012. University of Michigan, 2014, handle.net.
  9. Rake, Steve. Songs and Stories and a Glossary of Phrases of the Hua Miao of South West China. Materials collected and translated by R. Keith Parsons and P. Kenneth Parsons, University of Southampton, southampton.ac.uk.
  10. Shimenkan Connection 走近石门坎. shimenkan.org.cn.
    1. Tao Shaohu 陶绍虎. The ABC of the Pollard Script 𖽃𖽔𖾐 𖼄𖽑𖽻𖾐 𖽐𖼊𖽠𖾑 𖼮𖽢𖾐 𖼊𖽠𖾐 苗文初步. shimenkan.org.cn.
    2. Tao Shaohu 陶绍虎. [Shimenkan Miao Basic Level Teacher’s Handbook] 石門坎苗文基層教師手冊. shimenkan.org.cn.
    3. Tao Shaohu 陶绍虎. [The Pronunciation of Latin Miao Words and the Phonetics of Shimenkan] 拉丁苗文字词读音与石门坎语音对照. 2014, shimenkan.org.cn.
  11. Shimenkan. SIL International, sil.org, github.com.
    1. Font Behavior in the Shimenkan Fonts. github.com.
  12. Noto Miao. Google, github.com.
  13. Miao (Pollard) [Plrd]. ScriptSource, SIL International, scriptsource.org.
    1. Chung, Jeremiah Y.S.; Drewry, Eric. The Uses and Users of the Miao Script. 2014, scriptsource.org.
  14. Romanization systems used in the Place Names Database (KNAB). Institute of the Estonian Language, eki.ee.
    1. “Miao (A Hmao).” 2012-10-24, eki.ee.
  15. Metcalf, George Edgar. Lisu Matthew. Shanghai, British & Foreign Bible Society, 1912, openlibrary.org.