Old Turkic

Orkhon Runiform Script

Old Turkic vowels
front back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
high transcription ⟨i⟩ ⟨ü⟩ ⟨ï⟩ ⟨u⟩
Orkhon 𐰃 𐰇 𐰃 𐰆
Yenisei 𐰄 𐰈 𐰄 𐰆
mid transcription ⟨e⟩ ⟨ö⟩ ⟨o⟩
Orkhon 𐰃 𐰇 𐰆
Yenisei 𐰅 𐰈 𐰆
low transcription ⟨ä⟩ ⟨a⟩
Orkhon 𐰀 𐰀
Yenisei 𐰂 𐰁

Orkhon vowels
unrounded rounded
high low front back
transliteration ⟨I⟩ ⟨A⟩ ⟨ẅ⟩ ⟨w⟩
vowels ⟨i, ï, e⟩ ⟨ä, a⟩ ⟨ü, ö⟩ ⟨u, o⟩
character 𐰃 𐰀 𐰇 𐰆

Old Turkic consonants8
labial alveolar palatal velar
unvoiced oral ⟨p⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨č⟩ ⟨k⟩
voiced oral ⟨b⟩ ⟨d⟩ ⟨y⟩ ⟨g⟩
nasal ⟨m⟩ ⟨n⟩ ⟨ñ⟩ ⟨ŋ⟩
unvoiced sibilant ⟨s⟩ ⟨š⟩
voiced sibilant ⟨z⟩
liquid ⟨l⟩ ⟨r⟩

Old Turkic consonants
transliteration Orkhon Yenisei
front
⟨b²⟩ 𐰋 𐰌
⟨d²⟩ 𐰓
⟨g²⟩ 𐰏 𐰐
⟨l²⟩ 𐰠
⟨n²⟩ 𐰤 𐰥
⟨r²⟩ 𐰼
⟨s²⟩ 𐰾
⟨t²⟩ 𐱅 𐱆
⟨y²⟩ 𐰘 𐰙
⟨k²⟩ 𐰚 𐰛
⟨š²⟩ (𐱁) 𐱂
⟨ŋ²⟩ (𐰭) 𐰮
back
⟨b¹⟩ 𐰉 𐰊
⟨d¹⟩ 𐰑 𐰒
⟨g¹⟩ 𐰍 𐰎
⟨l¹⟩ 𐰞 𐰟
⟨n¹⟩ 𐰣
⟨r¹⟩ 𐰺 𐰻
⟨s¹⟩ 𐰽
⟨t¹⟩ 𐱃 𐱄
⟨y¹⟩ 𐰖 𐰗
⟨k¹⟩ 𐰴 𐰵
⟨š¹⟩ (𐱁) 𐱀
⟨ŋ¹⟩ (𐰭) 𐰬
neutral
⟨č⟩ 𐰲 𐰳
⟨m⟩ 𐰢
⟨p⟩ 𐰯
⟨š⟩ 𐱁 (𐱂)
⟨z⟩ 𐰔 𐰕
⟨ŋ⟩ 𐰭 (𐰮)
⟨ñ⟩ 𐰪 𐰫
other
⟨ẅk⟩ 𐰜 𐰝
⟨wk⟩ 𐰸 𐰹
⟨ič⟩ 𐰱
⟨ïk⟩ 𐰶 𐰷
⟨wp⟩ 𐰰
⟨wt⟩ 𐱇
⟨nč⟩ 𐰨 𐰩
⟨nt⟩ 𐰦 𐰧
⟨lt⟩ 𐰡
⟨aš⟩ 𐰿
⟨baš⟩ 𐱈
⟨či⟩ (𐰲‍𐰃)

References

  1. Unicode Character Code Charts. unicode.org.
    1. “Old Turkic.” unicode.org.
  2. WG2 Document Registry, Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    1. Proposing to supplement with the speclal scrip and character for Uyghur Orkhun. China National Body, 2006-08-14, N3164, L2/06-392, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    2. [Benjamin Scarborough]. Response to N3164. 2006-09-24, N3177, unicode.org.
    3. Wushour Silamu. Proposing to supplement with the speclal scrip and character for Uyghur Orkhun. 2007-02-01, N3258, L2/07-216, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    4. Proposing to supplement with the special script and character for Old Turkic. China National Body, 2007-09-19, N3299R, L2/07-305, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    5. Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS. 2008-01-01, N3357R, L2/07-325R, unicode.org.
    6. Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS. 2008-01-25, N3357R2, L2/08-071, unicode.org, unicode.org.
    7. Anshuman Pandey. Proposal to encode the Old Turkic ligature ORKHON CI. 2019-02-17, L2/19-069, unicode.org.
    8. Michael Everson, Andrew West. Proposal to revise the glyph of one Old Turkic character. 2021-08-24, N5164, L2/21-153, unicode.org, unicode.org.
  3. The Unicode® Standard: Version 16.0 – Core Specification. 2024-09-10, unicode.org.
    1. “Old Turkic.” unicode.org.
  4. Talât Tekin. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University, Bloomington, 1968, archive.org.
  5. György Kara. “Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages.” The World’s Writing Systems, Edited by Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 536–558, openlibrary.org.
  6. Marcel Erdal. “Further notes on the Irk Bitig.” Turkic Languages, Volume 1, 1997, Edited by Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 63–100, uni-goettingen.de, academia.edu.
  7. Talat Tekin. Orhon Türkçesi Grameri. İstanbul, 2003.
  8. Marcel Erdal. A Grammar of Old Turkic. Brill, 2004, doi.org, academia.edu.
  9. Irina Nevskaya, Marcel Erdal. Interpreting the Turkic Runiform Sources and the Position of the Altai Corpus. Studien zur Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der Turkvölker, Band 21, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, Berlin, 2015, doi.org.
  10. Julian Rentzsch, Hülya Yıldız. The Uybat Inscriptions: A Group of Old Turkic Runic Texts from the Yenisei Area. Studien zur Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der Turkvölker, Band 30, De Gruyter, 2020, doi.org.
  11. [Monuments of Runic Writing of the Altai Mountains] Памятники Рунического Письма Горного Алтая. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, uni-frankfurt.de.
  12. László Károly, Julian Rentzsch. A Database of Turkic Runiform Insciptions. Uppsala University, Department of Linguistics and Philology, uu.se.
  13. Noto Old Turkic. Google, github.com.
  14. Old Turkic, Orkhon Runic [Orkh]. ScriptSource, SIL International, scriptsource.org.